The Calculus of the Security Dilemma∗
نویسندگان
چکیده
Some scholars known as offensive realists claim that in the uncertainty of world politics, trust and cooperation between states is extremely unlikely. Others, such as defensive realists, claim that rational states are capable of finding ways to counteract the complications created by misperceptions and distrust, and to reduce uncertainty to levels where it no longer inhibits cooperation. In this paper, we construct a formal model to show how in some situations cooperation between states is indeed very unlikely: even in the presence of minor misperceptions, states fail to cooperate. We then ask whether diplomacy (modeled as cheap talk) is able to remedy the failure. We show that in many situations, allowing the countries to communicate prior to taking their actions does not enable them to cooperate. JEL Classification Codes: C72, F51
منابع مشابه
Design and formal verification of DZMBE+
In this paper, a new broadcast encryption scheme is presented based on threshold secret sharing and secure multiparty computation. This scheme is maintained to be dynamic in that a broadcaster can broadcast a message to any of the dynamic groups of users in the system and it is also fair in the sense that no cheater is able to gain an unfair advantage over other users. Another important feature...
متن کاملAn analytic study on the Euler-Lagrange equation arising in calculus of variations
The Euler-Lagrange equation plays an important role in the minimization problems of the calculus of variations. This paper employs the differential transformation method (DTM) for finding the solution of the Euler-Lagrange equation which arise from problems of calculus of variations. DTM provides an analytical solution in the form of an infinite power series with easily computable components. S...
متن کاملOn certain fractional calculus operators involving generalized Mittag-Leffler function
The object of this paper is to establish certain generalized fractional integration and differentiation involving generalized Mittag-Leffler function defined by Salim and Faraj [25]. The considered generalized fractional calculus operators contain the Appell's function $F_3$ [2, p.224] as kernel and are introduced by Saigo and Maeda [23]. The Marichev-Saigo-Maeda fractional calculus operators a...
متن کاملNON-POLYNOMIAL SPLINE FOR THE NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS IN CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS
A Class of new methods based on a septic non-polynomial spline function for the numerical solution of problems in calculus of variations is presented. The local truncation errors and the methods of order 2th, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th, are obtained. The inverse of some band matrixes are obtained which are required in proving the convergence analysis of the presented method. Convergence anal...
متن کاملPhilosophical Approach to Autonomy and a scale for Measuring Ethical Autonomy of Public Librarians
Purpose: in this article I tried to construct a new scale for measuring ethical autonomy of public librarians by rereading and reinterpreting the reflections of ethical philosophers on the concept of autonomy. Methodology: this research implemented in two phases. In the phase 1, I used documentary research method and conceptual analysis approach to find and analyze key ideas of philosophers. B...
متن کاملNon-Newtonian Fuzzy numbers and related applications
Although there are many excellent ways presenting the principle of the classical calculus, the novel presentations probably leads most naturally to the development of the non-Newtonian calculus. The important point to note is that the non-Newtonian calculus is a self-contained system independent of any other system of calculus. Since this self-contained work is intended for a wide audience, inc...
متن کامل